| Question | Answer |
| Alternation of Protist Generations | Multicellular diploid form (2n) alternates with a multicellular haploid form (n). Gametophytes: Haploid forms. Sporophytes: Diploid forms |
| Green Algae | Grass-green. Split into chlorophytes and charophytes. Complex life cycles |
| Red Algae | Red color from accessory pigment. Typically soft-bodied but can be encrusted |
| Foraminiferians and Radiolarians | Protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia. More threadlike than that of amoebas |
| Amoebozoans | Many species of free-living amoebas, Includes Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds |
| Pseudopodia | Temporary extensions of the cell |
| Amoebas | Move and feed by means of pseudopodia |
| Stramenopiles | Named for "hairy" flagellum, which is usually paired with a "smooth" flagellum. Diverse, with both heterotrophs and autotrophs. Include Water Molds, Diatoms, and Brown Algae (Seaweed, and kelp) |
| Alveolates | Characterized by membrane-enclosed sacs beneath the plasma membrane that help stabilize the cell surface or regulate water and ion content. Includes dinoflagellates, ciliates and apicomplexans |
| Euglenozoans | Diverse group of protists whose common feature is the presence of a crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella. Include heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites |
| Parabasalids | Heterotrophic protists. With modified mitochondria. Generate some energy anaerobically |
| Parasites | Derive nutrition from living hosts, which are harmed by the interaction |
| Diplomonads | Heterotrophic protists. May represent the most ancient surviving lineage of eukaryotes. Modified mitochondria. No DNA or ETC. Mostly anearobic |
| Secondary Endosymbiosis | Autotrophic eukaryotic protists became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryote protist. Major key to protist diversity |
| Protist structure | More complicated than prokaryotes. Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. Some of the simplest eukaryotes, though |
| Symbiosis | Close association between organisms of two or most species |
| Endosymbionts | One species living within another |
| Protist Habitats | Mostly aquatic. Bodies of various host organisms: Endosymbionts |
| Protozoans | Heterotrophic protists. Eat bacteria and other protists |
| Algae | Autotrophic protists |
| Protists | Diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Constitute multiple kingdoms within domain Eukaryia |
| Bioremediation | Varied metabolic talents of prokaryotes make it possible. Solving environmental problems through the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air or water |
| Endotoxins | Components of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell |
| Exotoxins | Proteins secreted by bacterial cells. Include some of the most powerful poisons known |
| 2 ways that disease-causing bacteria produces poison | Endotoxins and exotoxins |
| Gram-positive bacteria | 4 of the 9 groups of bacteria. Includes cyanobacteria (Only prokaryotes with oxygen-generating photosynthesis) |
| Proteobacteria | 5 of the 9 groups of Bacteria. Gram-negative. Includes Chlamydias and Spirochetes |
| Methanogens | Protists that live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product |
| Extreme Thermophiles | Protists that live in very hot or acidic places |
| Extreme Halophiles | Protists that live in very salty places |
| Biofilms | Surface-coating colonies. One or several species. Cells produce proteins to stick themselves to the substrate and each other |
| Source of Carbon | Autotrophs: Obtain carbon from CO2. Heterotrophs: Obtain carbon from organic compounds |
| Sources of energy | Phototrophs: Energy from sunlight. Chemotrophs: Energy from chemicals |
| Internal organization of prokaryotes | Some prokaryotes have respiratory membranes or thylakoid membranes. DNA is usually circular chromosome with smaller rings of DNA called plasmids. Causes the ability of many prokaryotes to transfer genes within and even between species. Smaller ribosomes |
| Endospores | Specialized inner cells with thick protective coat. Dehydrates and becomes dormant in traumatic conditions. Absorbs water and resumes growth when conditions have improved |
| Prokaryotic reproduction and adaptation | Prokaryotes have the potential to reproduce quickly in a favorable environment. Binary fission. Reproduction limited by nutrient supply, metabolic waste or predators. Can withstand difficult conditions through endospores |
| Flagella in prokaryotes | Enable motion based on chemical or physical signals in the environment. May be scattered over entire cell or localized to certain places. Different in structure from eukaryotic flagella. Lacks microtubules, Attaches to cell surface by rotating rings. Propeller-like rotary motion |
| Pili | Hairlike appendages that help prokaryotes stick to their substrate or to one another |
| Gram-negative | Less peptidoglycan. More complex, with outer membrane with lipids bonded to carbohydrates |
| Gram-positive | Simpler with thick layer of peptidoglycan |
| Gram stain | To decipher type of cell walls. Identification tool in medicine |
| 2 types of bacteria cell walls | Gram-positive and Gram-negative |
| Cell wall of prokaryotes | Maintains cell shape, provides physical protections, prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment. Archaea's and bacteria's cell walls differ. 2 types of bacteria cell walls. |
| Curved or Spiral prokaryotes | Vibrios: Resemble commas. Spirilla: Helical shape. Spirochetes: Longer, more flexible cells, Helical |
| Bacilli | Rod-shaped |
| Cocci | Spherical. Streptococci, occur in chains |
| Types of prokaryotic cell shape | Cocci, Bacilli, or Curved or Spiral |
| Peptidoglycan | Polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides |
| Differences between Archaea and Bacteria | rRNA sequences. Differences in RNA polymerases. Presence of introns. Sensitivity to certain antibiotics. Peptidoglycan present in cell walls |
| Archaea distinguishing features | More closely related to eukaryotes. Most rRNA matches eukaryotic sequences. Several kinds of RNA polymerase. Some introns. No response to antibiotics. No peptidoglycan in cell wall. Histones associated with DNA in some species |
| Bacteria distinguishing features | Most rRNA unique to bacteria. One simple kind of RNA polymerase. Introns rare. Responds to antibiotics. Peptidoglycan in cell wall. No histones associated with DNA |
| Two different types of prokaryotes | Bacteria and archaea |
| Prokaryote's structure | No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. |
| Pathogens | Disease-causing agents |
| Bacteria | Cause about half of human illness. Pathogens. Can benefit humans as well |
| Prokaryotes | Small, Varied, Plentiful. We can't live without them, but they can live without us |
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