Practice Test: Chapter 12

Matching skip

Short Answer skip

1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
   
2. DNA technology used in medicine
   
3. telomeres
   
4. Ti Plasmid
   
5. Restriction Fragments
   

Multiple Choice skip

1. primers
   1. Short, chemically synthesized single-stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at teach end of the target sequence. Only targeted DNA sequences are duplicated
   2. DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. Cuts both strands of the DNA at specific points within the sequence
   3. Relevant type of repetitive DNA consists of short sequences repeated many times in a row. Varies between humans
   4. An enzyme used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template
   5. Gene carrier. Plasmid, BAC, Phage
2. basic steps in creating a DNA profile
   1. A group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell
   2. Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Usually referring to DNA technology, Manipulation of DNA
   3. Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome
   4. Science of studying a complete set of genes and their interactions. Invaluable insights into evolutionary relationships among organisms
   5. 1. DNA samples collected. 2. Selected markers from each DNA sample are amplified. 3. Amplified DNA markers are compared
3. nucleic acid probe
   1. DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. Cuts both strands of the DNA at specific points within the sequence
   2. Used to find a specific gene of nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA
   3. The production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
   4. Pieces of DNA. Two double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded ends called "sticky ends"
   5. Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome
4. Recombinant cells and organisms used to manufacture useful products
   1. Transferring desired proteins: Usually in cloned bacteria grown rapidly and cheaply. Use eukaryotic cells: Yeast (S. cerevisiae). Use mammals: Glycoproteins, proteins with chains of sugars attached
   2. Changed length of restriction fragments formed by enzyme when cutes DNA
   3. Organisms that acquired one or more genes by artificial means
   4. 1. DNA samples collected. 2. Selected markers from each DNA sample are amplified. 3. Amplified DNA markers are compared
   5. Project to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and to identify the location and sequence of every gene. Over 99% known. 3.2 billion nucleotide pairs
5. Complementary DNA (cDNA)
   1. Only small percent codes for proteins. Large percent non-coding. Much repetitive
   2. Method for preparing large quantities of DNA from a particular gene. Specific segment of DNA can be targeted and quickly amplified in a test tube. Starts with single DNA segment. 1. Heat to separate DNA strands. 2. Strands cooled, primer molecules added to H-bond target sequences. 3. DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands by extending primers
   3. GMOs whose newly acquired gene is from another species
   4. Represents only the subset of genes that had been transcribed into mRNA in the starting cells. Useful for the study of genes responsible for the specialized functions of a particular cell type. Shorter and easier to work with
   5. Type of vector. Phage DNA replicated producing new phage particles, each carrying the foreign DNA

True or False skip

1. Genomic Library
   The entire collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome

   True   False

2. dna profiling
   Type of vector. Large plasmids containing only the genes necessary to ensure replication. Can carry much larger pieces of foreign DNA

   True   False

3. gene therapy process
   DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. Cuts both strands of the DNA at specific points within the sequence

   True   False

4. Process of Cloning
   1. Isolate bacterial plasmid and DNA containing target gene. 2. Treat both with an enzyme to cut plasmid in one place and each DNA. 3. Mix the cut DNA (plasmid and gene of interest). 4. Use DNA ligase to join two DNA molecules by covalent bonds. DNA Pasting. 5. Mix recombinant plasmid with culture of bacteria. 6. Allow bacteria to reproduce to form clone of the cells

   True   False

5. Plasmids
   The enzyme that cuts a piece of DNA containing the gene of interest. Work by cutting up foreign DNA by a process the restricts the ability of the invader to infect the bacterium. Specific

   True   False