| Question | Answer |
| proteomics | Study of full protein sets encoded by genomes. Actually carry out most of the activities in the cell |
| whole-genome shotgun method | Skip genetic and physical mapping and start directly with sequencing step. Entire genome chopped by restriction enzymes into fragments that are cloned and sequenced in just one stage. Can assemble millions of overlapping short sequences into a single continuous sequence. Fast and relatively inexpensive, although some limitations |
| 3 original steps to finding the genome | Low resolution linkage map. Base pairs between marks on physical map. Determining exact nucleotide sequence |
| telomeres | Stretches of DNA with thousands of such repetitions prominent at the centromeres and ends of chromosomes. Play a role in chromosomal structure |
| human genome | Only small percent codes for proteins. Large percent non-coding. Much repetitive |
| human genome project (HGP) | Project to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and to identify the location and sequence of every gene. Over 99% known. 3.2 billion nucleotide pairs |
| genomics | Science of studying a complete set of genes and their interactions. Invaluable insights into evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | Changed length of restriction fragments formed by enzyme when cutes DNA |
| single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | Occurs on average about 1/100 to 300 base pairs. May alter restriction site |
| STR analysis | Method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sits in the genome. Compares the number of repeats of specific for-nucleotide DNA sequences at 13 sites scattered throughout the genome. Used to prove guilt or innocence |
| short tandem repeats (STRs) | Relevant type of repetitive DNA consists of short sequences repeated many times in a row. Varies between humans |
| repetitive DNA | Nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome. Much lies between humans |
| gel electrophoresis | Uses a gel to separate macromolecules on the basis of size, electrical charge or other physical properties. Sample of each mixture placed in a well. Electrical current run through gel. Negatively charged DNA molecules move towards + electrode, separating due to size. Series of bands left in each "lane" of the gel |
| primers | Short, chemically synthesized single-stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at teach end of the target sequence. Only targeted DNA sequences are duplicated |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | Method for preparing large quantities of DNA from a particular gene. Specific segment of DNA can be targeted and quickly amplified in a test tube. Starts with single DNA segment. 1. Heat to separate DNA strands. 2. Strands cooled, primer molecules added to H-bond target sequences. 3. DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands by extending primers |
| basic steps in creating a DNA profile | 1. DNA samples collected. 2. Selected markers from each DNA sample are amplified. 3. Amplified DNA markers are compared |
| dna profiling | Analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a particular individual |
| forensics | Scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings |
| gene therapy process | 1. Normal gene cloned and inserted into harmless virus. 2. Infect bone marrow cell with virus. 3. Viral DNA inserts into bone marrow chromosome. 4. Cells injected into patient |
| gene therapy | Way of treating a variety of disorders. Alteration of an afflicted individual's genes. Normal allele transferred to cells that multiply throughout a person's life: Bone Marrow |
| potential dangers of GMOs | Might create new pathogens. GMOs used for food might carry genes from other species that could harm humans or the environment. Could transfer allergens. Might pass their new genes to close relatives in nearby wild areas and make then "super weeds" |
| Ti Plasmid | A common vector used to introduce new genes into plant cells from soil bacterium |
| Transgenic organism | GMOs whose newly acquired gene is from another species |
| Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) | Organisms that acquired one or more genes by artificial means |
| Vaccines | A harmless variant of a pathogen that is used to stimulate the immune system to mount a defense against that pathogen. Usually for viruses |
| DNA technology used in medicine | Manufacturing hormones: Insulin, human growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator. Diagnosis and treatment of disease. Vaccines |
| Recombinant cells and organisms used to manufacture useful products | Transferring desired proteins: Usually in cloned bacteria grown rapidly and cheaply. Use eukaryotic cells: Yeast (S. cerevisiae). Use mammals: Glycoproteins, proteins with chains of sugars attached |
| nucleic acid probe | Used to find a specific gene of nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA |
| Identifying clones containing a desired gene from among all those created | Can identify protein produced, if there is one. Methods depend on base pairing between gene and complementary sequence on another of the nucleic acid molecule when at least part of the nucleotide sequence of a gene is known of can be guessed. Can synthesize complementary sequence and label with radioactive isotope. |
| Complementary DNA (cDNA) | Represents only the subset of genes that had been transcribed into mRNA in the starting cells. Useful for the study of genes responsible for the specialized functions of a particular cell type. Shorter and easier to work with |
| Reverse Transcriptase | An enzyme used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template |
| How do you find how genes expressed in a particular kind of cell | By using its mRNA. 1. Chosen cells transcribe genes to produce mRNA. 2. Researcher isolates mRNA and makes DNA transcripts from it using reverse transcriptase. 3. Another enzyme breaks down the mRNA. 4. DNA polymerase used to synthesize a second DNA strand resulting in complementary DNA (cDNA) |
| Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) | Type of vector. Large plasmids containing only the genes necessary to ensure replication. Can carry much larger pieces of foreign DNA |
| Phages | Type of vector. Phage DNA replicated producing new phage particles, each carrying the foreign DNA |
| Genomic Library | The entire collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome |
| Cutting and Pasting DNA | 1. Cut DNA at restriction site using restrictive enzymes. 2. Base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA. 3. Add DNA fragment from another source. 4. Two or more fragments stick together by base-pairing. 5. DNA ligase pastes the strands together |
| Restriction Fragments | Pieces of DNA. Two double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded ends called "sticky ends" |
| Restriction Site | DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. Cuts both strands of the DNA at specific points within the sequence |
| Restriction Enzyme | The enzyme that cuts a piece of DNA containing the gene of interest. Work by cutting up foreign DNA by a process the restricts the ability of the invader to infect the bacterium. Specific |
| Clone | A group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell |
| Process of Cloning | 1. Isolate bacterial plasmid and DNA containing target gene. 2. Treat both with an enzyme to cut plasmid in one place and each DNA. 3. Mix the cut DNA (plasmid and gene of interest). 4. Use DNA ligase to join two DNA molecules by covalent bonds. DNA Pasting. 5. Mix recombinant plasmid with culture of bacteria. 6. Allow bacteria to reproduce to form clone of the cells |
| Vector | Gene carrier. Plasmid, BAC, Phage |
| Genetic Engineering | Branch of biotechnology that involves the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
| Gene Cloning | The production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA |
| Plasmids | Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome |
| Recombinant DNA | Formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule |
| Biotechnology | Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Usually referring to DNA technology, Manipulation of DNA |
47 cards - created dec 15, 10:28am