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Practice Test
: Chapter 11
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Barr body
alternative RNA splicing
differentiation
The trp operon
eukaryotic control mechanisms
Initiation of Translation
4 ways Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression
mRNA breakdown, initiation of translation, protein activation, protein breakdown
Inactive X
Involve proteins that bind to specific segments of DNA. More regulatory proteins and more control sequences. Each gene usually has its own promoter and other control sequences. More activators usually. Genes usually switched off. Transcription factors, enhancers, Large assembly of proteins facilitates correct attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, silencers, genes coding for enzymes of metabolic pathway often scattered over different chromosomes
Introns removed during RNA splicing. Way of regulating gene expression. Cell can carry out splicing in more than one way. Organism can get more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene. Common in humans
Translating an mRNA into a polypeptide. Proteins that control the start of polypeptide synthesis. Inhibitory protein that prevents translation of hemoglobin mRNA unless cell has supply of heme
Repressor inactive alone, and active with tryptophan present
When individual cells become specialized in structure and function. Results from selective gene expression, the turning on and off of specific genes. Particular genes that are active in each type of differentiated cell are the source of its particular function and structure
Short Answer
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Breakdown of mRNA
promoter
transcription factors
Signal Transduction Pathway
microRNA
Multiple Choice
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control sequences
Helps organisms respond to environmental changes. Gene turned on being transcribed into RNA. Control of a gene expression makes it possible for cells to produce specific kinds of proteins
Tightly coiled DNA. How DNA fits into such a small nucleus. During Mitosis. Prevents transcription proteins from contacting the DNA. Uses higher levels of packing for long-term inactivation of genes
Short sections of DNA that help control the enzyme genes. 2 in a bacteria
Located outside the operon, codes for the repressor. Expressed continually
enhancers
Introns removed during RNA splicing. Way of regulating gene expression. Cell can carry out splicing in more than one way. Organism can get more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene. Common in humans
DNA sequences far away from the gene they regular. Far away from genes they regulate. Activators bind to them, changing the shape of the DNA molecule
Helps organisms respond to environmental changes. Gene turned on being transcribed into RNA. Control of a gene expression makes it possible for cells to produce specific kinds of proteins
Eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires their assistance. Includes activator proteins
Complementary sequences on mRNA molecules. Typically about 20 nucleotides long. Associate with large protein complex and bind to any mRNA molecule with complementary sequence. Either degrades target mRNA or blocks its translation. May regulate expression of up to 1/3 of all human genes
the lac operon
Located outside the operon, codes for the repressor. Expressed continually
Genes which can cause cancer when present in a single copy in the cell. Viruses insert oncogenes into cells
Each 'bead' of DNA. DNA wound around a protein core of 8 histones. Short stretches of DNA, called linkers, join nucleosomes
E coli makes enzymes to absorb sugar lactose and use it as an energy source. When lactose is not plentiful, E coli does not waste energy producing these enzymes. 3 enzymes that digest lactose, Therefore, three genes code for it. Turned on when repressor deactivated. Lactose binds to repressor and operon is active. Repressor active when alone, and inactive when bound to lactose
RNA Interference (RNAi)
Artificially regulating and controlling gene expression
Selective breakdown of proteins. Some of the proteins that trigger metabolic changes in cells broken down within a few minutes of hours. Cell can adjust the kinds and amounts of its proteins in response to changes in its environment.
Serve to replace non-reproducing specialized cells. Many but not all cell types in the organism
Located outside the operon, codes for the repressor. Expressed continually
Oncogenes
Genes which can cause cancer when present in a single copy in the cell. Viruses insert oncogenes into cells
Inactive X
DNA sequences far away from the gene they regular. Far away from genes they regulate. Activators bind to them, changing the shape of the DNA molecule
Repressor inactive alone, and active with tryptophan present
Tightly coiled DNA. How DNA fits into such a small nucleus. During Mitosis. Prevents transcription proteins from contacting the DNA. Uses higher levels of packing for long-term inactivation of genes
True or False
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x chromosome inactivation
Enzymes in the cytoplasm eventually break down mRNA. Timing of breakdown can work to regulate number of proteins produced. The longer an mRNA strand exists, the more proteins it synthesizes. Prokaryotic mRNA very short lifetimes. A reason they can change their proteins very quickly in response to environment. Eukaryotic mRNA longer lifetimes
True
False
Protein Breakdown
Inactive X
True
False
Adult Stem Cells
Located outside the operon, codes for the repressor. Expressed continually
True
False
DNA packing
Tightly coiled DNA. How DNA fits into such a small nucleus. During Mitosis. Prevents transcription proteins from contacting the DNA. Uses higher levels of packing for long-term inactivation of genes
True
False
activator
Series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell
True
False
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Practice Test: Chapter 11