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Practice Test
: Chapter 6-7
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Light Reactions
global warming
CAM plants
Autotrophs
Stomata
NAD+
Two main phases of glycolysis
Make their own food and sustain themselves. Don’t consume organic molecules from other organisms
Very dry climates, Open stomata only at night. Fixes CO2 into 4-C at night. Releases CO2 to Calvin Cycle during the day. Carbon fixation and Calvin cycle in the same cells, but at different times
Steps that convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2. In thylakoid membranes. H2O split, providing source of e- and giving off O2. Light energy drives transfer of electrons and H+ to NADP+, forming NADPH. NADPH provides 'reducing power' in Calvin cycle. Generate ATP from ADP and P. Absorb light energy, store it in ATP and NADPH. Produce no sugar
Tiny pores. Take in gases. CO2 in. O2 out
Organic molecule that cells make from niacin to shuttle electrons in redox reactions. Coenzyme. Becomes NADH when receives electrons
Slow, but steady rise of the Earth's surface temperature. Related to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases
Energy consumation, energy yield
Short Answer
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Photosystem
ATP Synthase
Primary electron acceptor
What happens when a pigment molecule absorbs a photon?
Wavelength
Multiple Choice
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
Generates ATP in chloroplast. Drives ATP synthesis using concentration gradient of H+ across membrane. Creates gradient from reactions down ETC. Gradient inside thylakoid space
Enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP to form ATP
1st step of cellular respiration. In cytoplasm. Begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of Pyruvate: 3-carbon compound. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Nine chemical steps, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. As reactions occur, cell reduces 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. Produces 2 ATP. ATP to be used immediately, NADH to ETC.
5-Carbon sugar. Starting material for Calvin Cycle
Electrons lose potential energy when 'fall' to oxygen. Energy released in small amounts so that it can be stored in bonds of ATP
Dehydrogenase
O2 consumed as glucose broken down to CO2 and H2O. Cell captures energy released as ATP. Aerobic harvesting of energy from food. Exergonic. Many steps, not just single reaction. Can produce up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Enzyme. Oxidizes glucose.
Pair of chlorophyll a molecules and primary electron acceptor
1st step of cellular respiration. In cytoplasm. Begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of Pyruvate: 3-carbon compound. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Nine chemical steps, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. As reactions occur, cell reduces 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. Produces 2 ATP. ATP to be used immediately, NADH to ETC.
First organic compound produced is 3-PGA. Common. Cannot adapt to hot and dry climates
Citric Acid cyle
3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
1st step of cellular respiration. In cytoplasm. Begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of Pyruvate: 3-carbon compound. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Nine chemical steps, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. As reactions occur, cell reduces 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. Produces 2 ATP. ATP to be used immediately, NADH to ETC.
3rd step of cellular respiration. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis. NADH and FADH2 involved. Most of ATP produced (32-34 ATP). Structure fits function. Spatial arrangement of electron carriers built into membrane makes it possible for mitochondrion to use chemical energy released by redox reactions to create H+ gradient and use stored energy in gradient to drive ATP synthesis.
O2 consumed as glucose broken down to CO2 and H2O. Cell captures energy released as ATP. Aerobic harvesting of energy from food. Exergonic. Many steps, not just single reaction. Can produce up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Step 2 of Cellular Respiration. AKA Krebs Cycle. Within mitochondria. Completes breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Only Acetyl Co-A participates. Multiple steps. Acetyl loses Co-A, join 4-carbon molecule to form Citrate(6-C). Various redox reactions. 2 C's removed at CO2. Each turn of cycle yields 1 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2: Goes around twice.
Reduction
1st step of cellular respiration. In cytoplasm. Begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of Pyruvate: 3-carbon compound. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Nine chemical steps, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. As reactions occur, cell reduces 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. Produces 2 ATP. ATP to be used immediately, NADH to ETC.
Addition of electrons to another substance
Can make ATP either by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation
Form framework where many reactions occur. Enclose inner compartment in chloroplast
Fixed quantity of light energy
Anaerobic respiration
Muscle cells can regenerate NAD+. NADH oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate reduced to lactate. Lactate converted back to pyruvate in liver. Used to make cheese and yogurt
Without presence of O2, only 2 ATP can be produced through glycolysis
Energy units, Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius
Interconnected membranous sacs. Enclose Thylakoid space. Chlorophyll molecules in membrane, along with proteins
Movement of electrons from one molecule to another. Oxidation-reduction
True or False
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How did photosynthesis originate?
Family of pigments. Various shades of yellow and orange. Fall foliage: Show through one green chlorophyll breaks down. Photoprotection
True
False
Fundamental function of cellular respiration
Synthesis of ATP due to initial energy input of light. Light energy drives electrons to top of ETC
True
False
Describe how photosynthesis is an 'uphill climb' for electrons.
Endothermic. Boosted up 'energy hill.' Light energy captured by chlorophyll provides boost for electrons to convert light energy to chemical energy
True
False
C3 plants
Produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules using energy of light. Diverse group
True
False
Greenhouse effect
Step 2 of Cellular Respiration. AKA Krebs Cycle. Within mitochondria. Completes breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Only Acetyl Co-A participates. Multiple steps. Acetyl loses Co-A, join 4-carbon molecule to form Citrate(6-C). Various redox reactions. 2 C's removed at CO2. Each turn of cycle yields 1 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2: Goes around twice.
True
False
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Practice Test: Chapter 6-7