| Question | Answer |
| Biosynthesis | Production of organic molecules using energy-requiring metabolic pathways. Cell must be able to make its own molecules to build structure and perform functions. Use intermediate compounds of glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Connections between energy-harvesting part of cellular respiration and biosynthetic pathways to construct parts of cell. Supply and demand regulate |
| Faculative Anaerobes | Can make ATP either by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Require anaerobic conditions. Poisoned by oxygen |
| Ethanol | 2-C. Toxic to organisms that produce it |
| Alcohol Fermentation | Brewing, winemaking, baking. Recycle NADH back to NAD+ by converting pyruvate to CO2 and Ethanol. CO2 = carbonation. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Muscle cells can regenerate NAD+. NADH oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate reduced to lactate. Lactate converted back to pyruvate in liver. Used to make cheese and yogurt |
| Anaerobic respiration | Without presence of O2, only 2 ATP can be produced through glycolysis |
| 3 ways poisons inhibit cellular respiration | 1. Poisons block ETC. 2. Inhibits ATP synthase. 3. Makes mitochondrion membrane leaky to H+ |
| Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation | Electron flow from shuttle molecules (NADH, FADH2) through electron transport chain to O2, final electron receptor. Each oxygen atom accepts 2 electrons from chain and 2 hydrogen ions to produce H2O-- a final product. Proteins use energy released from electron transfers from carrier molecules to actively transport H+ across membrane. ATP synthases in inner mitochondrial membrane act like mini turbines. H+ ions driven through by facilitated diffusion, Spin ATP synthase, catalyzes slits in synthase that attach phosphate group to ADP to generate ATP. Energy derived from redox reactions in ETC used to phosphorylate ADP. Exergonic reactions of ETC produce H+ gradient. Drives endergonic ATP synthesis |
| Aceytl CoA | High-energy fuel molecule for citric acid cycle. 2 per molecule of glucose. 2 carbon molecule. Lose other 2 C as CO2 |
| Grooming stage | Pyruvate into mitochondria after glycolysis. Undergoes major chemical changes before it gets there. Large, multienzyme complex catalyzes three reactions. IN: NAD+, pyruvate, Coenzyme A. OUT: NADH, CO2, Acetyl CoA |
| Yielding energy phase | Energy payoff phase. Two NADH molecules per glucose. Four ATP molecules |
| Consuming energy phase | Energy investment phase. ATP used to energize glucose molecule which is split into two small sugars |
| Two main phases of glycolysis | Energy consumation, energy yield |
| Intermediates | Compounds that form between initial reactants and products. E.g. pyruvate. Part of metabolic pathway: Each chemical step leads to the next. Specific enzymes catalyze each step |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | Enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP to form ATP |
| Pyruvate | Formed during glycolysis. 3-C molecule. Still holds most of energy from glucose. Goes to Grooming. 2 produced per glucose molecule. |
| NADH and FADH2 | Electron carriers. Shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in inner mitochondrion membrane |
| ATP Synthase | Protein. Synthesizes ATP in ETC. |
| Chemiosmosis | Potential energy of concentration gradient used to make ATP. Gradient drives diffusion of H+ through ATP Synthase |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | 3rd step of cellular respiration. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis. NADH and FADH2 involved. Most of ATP produced (32-34 ATP). Structure fits function. Spatial arrangement of electron carriers built into membrane makes it possible for mitochondrion to use chemical energy released by redox reactions to create H+ gradient and use stored energy in gradient to drive ATP synthesis. |
| Citric Acid cyle | Step 2 of Cellular Respiration. AKA Krebs Cycle. Within mitochondria. Completes breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Only Acetyl Co-A participates. Multiple steps. Acetyl loses Co-A, join 4-carbon molecule to form Citrate(6-C). Various redox reactions. 2 C's removed at CO2. Each turn of cycle yields 1 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2: Goes around twice. |
| Glycolysis | 1st step of cellular respiration. In cytoplasm. Begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of Pyruvate: 3-carbon compound. 2 ATPs produced. Main purpose to supply third stage of respiration with electrons. Nine chemical steps, each catalyzed by its own enzyme. As reactions occur, cell reduces 2 NAD+ to form 2 NADH. Produces 2 ATP. ATP to be used immediately, NADH to ETC. |
| Electron transport chain | Where electron carrier molecules go. Series of redox reactions in which electrons bass from carrier to carrier down to oxygen. Redox steps in staircase release energy in amounts small enough to be used by the cell to make ATP. Passes electrons down energy staircase, it also pumps hydrogen ions across inner mitochondrial membrane. Concentration gradient of H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane. Cristae increase surface area. |
| NAD+ | Organic molecule that cells make from niacin to shuttle electrons in redox reactions. Coenzyme. Becomes NADH when receives electrons |
| Dehydrogenase | Enzyme. Oxidizes glucose. |
| Reduction | Addition of electrons to another substance |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons from one substance |
| Redox reaction | Movement of electrons from one molecule to another. Oxidation-reduction |
| Controlled descent of electrons | Electrons lose potential energy when 'fall' to oxygen. Energy released in small amounts so that it can be stored in bonds of ATP |
| Kilocalories | Energy units, Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius |
| Fundamental function of cellular respiration | Generating ATP |
| Respiration | "Breathing" Exchange of gases. Organism obtain O2 and release CO2 |
| Cellular respiration | O2 consumed as glucose broken down to CO2 and H2O. Cell captures energy released as ATP. Aerobic harvesting of energy from food. Exergonic. Many steps, not just single reaction. Can produce up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP. |
| Photosynthesis | Energy ultimately comes from sun. Convert light energy into chemical energy. Sunlight energy rearranges atoms of CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. |
35 cards - created yesterday, 2:54pm