Practice Test: Chapters 4-5

Matching skip

Short Answer skip

1. 4 function groups of organelles
   
2. Golgi Apparatus
   
3. Microtubules
   
4. Transport work
   
5. 2 types of locomotion appendages
   

Multiple Choice skip

1. Phagocytosis
   1. "Cellular eating." Cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it. Forms food vacuoles -- large
   2. Chemical activities within a cell. Much happens with organelles. Can maintain specific conditions for chemical reactions.
   3. Nonprotein helpers, organic
   4. Measure of the clarity of an image. Ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate. Every optical device, limit to resolution
   5. Consist of digestive enzymes enclosed in membranous sac. Enzymes made my rough ER through Golgi. Encloses compartment in which digestive enzymes are provided with acidic environment and safely isolated from rest of cell
2. Active site
   1. Layer helps hold cell together. Protects and supports plasma membrane. Composed of glycoproteins. Collagen forms fibers outside of cell. Embedded in network woven from other types of glycoproteins. Can regulate cell's behavior. May help coordinate behavior of all cells in that tissue. Direct connections between cells also do this
   2. Region of enzyme. Formed by only a few of enzyme's amino acids. Only fits specific substrate molecules
   3. Various fibrous proteins. Ropelike structure. Reinforce cell shape. Anchor organelles, eg. hold nucleus in place. Permanent fixtures
   4. Capacity to perform work. Object moved against an opposing force. 2 basic forms: kinetic and potential
   5. Transfer phosphate groups
3. Chloroplasts
   1. First microscopes to be used. Shine light through specimen. Lenses bend light to magnify it. Effectively magnify only 1000 x
   2. Encloses nucleus. Double membrane perforated with protein-lined pores. Controls flow of materials into and out of nucleus. Connects with ER
   3. Amazingly thin. Performs diverse functions that depend on structure. Phospholipids main components. Polar, hydrophilic head = Phosphate group. Nonpolar, hydrophobic tail = 2 fatty acids. Proteins embedded. Interior hydrophobic, exterior hydrophilic. Nonpolar molecules pass easily through. Polar molecules need passages through proteins
   4. Conversion of light energy from sun to sugar molecules (chemical energy). Photosynthesizes. Internal membranes partition into compartments. Enclosed by inner and outer membranes. Thin intermembrane space
   5. Inside centrosome. 2 of them.
4. Osmosis
   1. Plant cell loses water and shrivels. Plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall
   2. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. If membrane permeable to H2O and not a solute, then the H2O will move to create equal concentration. Different water levels. If solution less concentrated, most H2O are free from being attached to polar molecule. Net movement of H2O down its own water concentration gradient. Water diffuses due to total solute concentration, not by nature of solutes
   3. Regulate metabolism. Molecule is altered in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme to form final product. More product than needed, then inhibitor may block production
   4. Cilia and flagella
   5. Solute concentration of cell is equal to its environment. Cell gains H2O at same rate it loses it. Animal cells are normal, plant cells are flaccid
5. Nucleoid
   1. Bilayer of cell. Diverse protein molecules embedded in framework of phospholipids. Membrane 'fluid.' Most molecules can drift around. Double bonds in phospholipids prevent it from being solid. Cholesterol stabilizes membrane. 'Mosaic:' Many different types and functions of proteins, Each cell unique blend
   2. Uses energy to transfer P group to another molecule, creating an endergonic reaction. Most cellular work depends on ATP energizing molecules by phosphorylating them
   3. Nucleus-like. Where DNA is coiled
   4. Powers nearly all forms of cellular work. Adenosine triphosphate. Bonds connecting phosphate groups unstable, readily broken by hydrolysis, Becomes ADP and energy released. Work can be sustained because ATP renewable resource that cells regenerate. Uses ATP continuously.
   5. Membranous organelle Flattened sacs on top of each other Not interconnected like ER sacs Number of Golgi stacks correlate with how active the cell is in secreting proteins Functions in partnership with ER Receives and modifies products manufactured in ER During transit through Golgi Modify carbohydrate part of glycoproteins, add phosphate groups Vesicles join and form new Golgi sac

True or False skip

1. Chromatin
   Makes up eukaryote's chromosomes. Mixture of proteins + DNA

   True   False

2. Endosymbiosis
   Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. Single, circular DNA molecule. Ribosomes similar to prokaryotes. Reproduce by splitting process similar to prokaryotes. Double membranes: Similar to prokaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. May have gained entry to larger cell as undigested prey or internal parasites. Host would have benefited from endosymbionts because they would release large amounts of energy in cellular respiration. Became increasingly interdependent and became single organism. Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts

   True   False

3. Cilia
   Short, numerous, in lungs

   True   False

4. Hypertonic to cell
   Higher solute concentration. Both plant and animal cells shrivel

   True   False

5. Inhibitor
   Does not enter active site. Binds to enzyme somewhere else, changing shape of enzyme so that active site no longer fits substrate

   True   False