| Question | Answer |
| Nucleotides in dehydration reactions | phosphate group bonds to sugar of next monomer, created sugar-phosphate backbone. nitrogenous bases protrude. A and T pair up, C and G pair up to hold double helix together through hydrogen bonds |
| Nucleotides | monomers, make up nucleic acids. 4 typers: A,T,C,G |
| nucleic acids | polymer.eg. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
| gene | unit of inheritence |
| Quaternary structure | Association of the subunits. Can have different subunits together |
| Tertiary structure | Overall 3D shape of polypeptide. Either globular or fibrous. Particular arrangement of coils and folds give polypeptide the specific shape. Results from interactions among R groups of amino acids. Clustering of hydrophobic groups, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonds |
| secondary structure | Parts of polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns. Can become Alpha Helix or Pleated Sheet. Maintained by hydrogen bonds between Amino and Carboxyl groups |
| primary structure | Unique sequence of amino acids. Must have correct amino acids arranged in precise order. Determined by genetic inheritance |
| denaturation | When polypeptide chains unravel. Lose shape and function. Can be caused by changes in salt, pH or excessive heat |
| polypeptide | chain of amino acids, unique sequences of amino acids |
| Peptide bond | covalent linkage between amino acids |
| amino acids | Make up all proteins. Just 20. All have amino group and carboxyl group. R group differs with each amino acid. Can be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, Depends on R group. Link to form polymers through dehydration reaction. Links carboxyl group to amino group. |
| enzymes | Chemical catalysts that speed and regulate virtually all chemical reactions in cells. Types of proteins |
| proteins | Polymer constructed from amino acid monomers. Unique 3D structure. Important to structures of cells and organisms |
| anabolic steroids | Synthetic variants of male hormone testosterone. Cause general build up of bone mass and muscle. Structurally resemble testosterone, and mimic its effects. Can be used in medicine. Abused in sports, can cause many health problems. banned by sports organizations |
| cholesterol | Common component of animal cell membranes. Steroid. Can be used as starting material for other steroids |
| steroids | Lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings |
| phospholipids | Major component of cell membranes. Structurally similar to fats. Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + negatively charge phosphate group. Phosphate causes one end to be hydrophilic, other end hydrophobic. Forms Phospholipid Bi-layer, or membrane |
| saturated | Maximum number of H. Solidify at room temperature. Dangerous to eat too many saturated fats because can build up along arteries, reducing blood flow |
| unsaturated | Less than the maximum number of hydrogens. Some fatty acids that contain double bonds. Cause kinds in carbon chain. Prevent maximum number of H atoms |
| fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain |
| glycerol | alcohol, 3 carbons, each bearing hydrdoxyl group |
| fat | Large lipid made from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. mainly energy storage, compact energy. cushions organs and insulates. synonym: triglyceride |
| lipids | Diverse compounds. Common trait: Mix poorly with water. Nonpolar covalent bonds. Hydrophobic (water fearing) |
| 4 types of polysaccharides | Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
| Chitin | Insect and crustaceans to build exoskeletons. In cell walls of fungi. |
| Chitin | Insect and crustaceans to build exoskeletons. In cell walls of fungi. |
| Cellulose | Most abundant organic compound on Earth. In walls of plant cells. Polymer of glucose. Most animals cannot digest. Fiber |
| glycogen | animals store excess sugar. glucose polysaccharide. More highly-branched than starch. Stored in liver and muscles |
| starch | made of glucose monomers coiled into helical shape, may be unbranched or branched. in plants, store energy. can withdraw glucose through hydrolysis. |
| polysaccharides | polymers of monosaccharides. storage molecules and structural compounds |
| High-fructose | Created by hydrolyzing starch from corn into monomers of glucose. Then enzyme rearranges atoms in glucose to sweeter isomer, fructose. Fructose combined with corn syrup so that the mixture is 55% fructose, 45% glucose. Cheaper than sugar, and the same monomers. Proven that can contribute to weight gain |
| disaccharides | from 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction. one monomer gives up hydroxyl group, other H+, leaves H bond with O |
| trademarks of sugar | hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups. end in -ose. most form carbon rings. |
| monosaccharides | carbohydrate monomers. eg. glucose, fructose. single unit sugars. raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic molecules. main molecules for cell work. |
| carbohydrate | class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides |
| enzymes | specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells. required in dehydration reactions and hydrolysis |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking polymers. Digesting polymers. Break bonds between monomers by adding water to them |
| dehydration reaction | makes polymers. Cells link monomers by removing molecules of water. For each monomer added, H2O is removed. One monomer loses OH- the other loses H+ |
| monomers | building blocks of polymers |
| polymers | large molecules, made by joining smaller molecules, long molecule consists of many identical or similar building blocks strung together. |
| macromolecules | big molecules. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| isomers | compounds with the same formula, but different structures. their different shapes result in unique properties. |
| carbon skeleton | chain of carbon atoms in organic molecule. usually in rings. generally nonpolar due to C-H bonds. |
| hydrocarbons | composed only of H and C |
| organic compounds | carbon-based molecules |
| Photosynthesis reaction | 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ |
| pH scale | describes how acidic or basic a solution is. 0 = most acidic. 14 = most basic. 7 neutral (H2O) |
| base | compound that accepts h ions and removes them from a solution. more basic, highe oh- concentration, lower h+ concentration |
| acid | compound donates h ions into solution |
| aqueous solution | one in which water is the solvent. water good solvent because of polarity, can dissolve ions |
| solute | substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | dissolving agent |
| solution | liquid consisting of uniform mixture of 2 or more substances |
| ice floats | h2o less dense as solid than as liquid, due to h bonds, as solid, each molecule forms stable h bonds with 4 neighbors. ice crystals have fewer molecules than equal volume of water, therefore less dense. floating prevents water from freezing solid during winter. |
| evaporative cooling | surface of liquid remaining behind cools down as molecules with greatest energy leave |
| H2O moderates temperatures | H bonding has better ability to resist temperature change, because heat must be absorbed to break h bonds, and is released when h bonds form. therefore h2o can absorb large amount of heat while only heating up a few degrees. |
| heat vs. temperature | heat = total amount of energy temp = average speed of molecules |
| temperature | meatures intensity of heat |
| Heat | amount of energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter |
| properties of water due to hydrogen bonding | cohesion, adhestion, surface tension |
| surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of liquid, h2o unusually high |
| adhestion | clinging of one substance to another, in h2o |
| Cohesion | tendency of h2o to stick together |
| hydrogen bond | Hydrogen atom part of polar covalent bond, partial positive charge allows it to share attractions with other electronegative atoms. Weak, but important bonds. Positively charged region in special type of bond is always a hydrogen atom. Signified by dotted lines. |
| Polar covalent bond | Unequal sharing of electrons. E- closer to the more electronegative atoms, that atom becomes slightly negative, other atom slightly positive |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | Equal pull, share electrons equally. |
| Electronegativity | Atom's attraction for shared electrons. More electronegative, stronger the pull. |
| Valence or bonding capacity | number of covalent bonds an atom can form = to number of additional electrons needed to fill outer level. |
| double bonds | share 2 pairs of electrons, pair of lines |
| molecules | 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| covalent bond | share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. |
| salt | synonym for ionic compound |
| ionic bond | 2 ions with opposite charges attract each othe rand attraction holds them together |
| ion | atom or molecule with electrical charge resulting from gain or loss of one or more electrons |
| chemical bonds | allow atoms to share or donate electrons to fill outer shells, results in atoms being held close together |
| electron arrangements | directly involved in chemical activities, farther from nucleus, greater energy electron has, energy levels determine properties of element, want to fill outer electron levels, elements who need electrons interact more with other atoms and participate in chemical reactions |
| dangers of radioactive isotopes | uncontrolled can harm living organisms by damaging molecules and DNA |
| uses of radioactive isotopes | research, medical diagnosis |
| radioactive isotope | nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy |
| isotopes | elements may differ in mass number, same number of protons and electrons, behave identically in chemical reactions but different number of neutrons. |
| 1 dalton | mass of a proton or neutron |
| subatomic particles | p+, e-, n0 |
| atom | smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element |
| compound | substance consisting of 2 ore more different elements in fixed ratio. more common than pure elements. characteristics different from those of its elements. different arrangements of atoms of elements determine unique properties for each compound. |
| Trace elements | Essential, but only in minute qualities. eg. iron, iodine |
| bulk elements | O, C, H, N. 96.3% |
| elements | substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means, compose organisms. 92 recognized, each has a symbol. 25 essential to life. involved in important necessay functions for life. |
| matter | anything that occupies space, composes living things |
| Controlled experiment | Designed to compare experimental group with control group. Groups differ only by one factor (independent variable). If do not use a controlled experiment, cannot rule out other factors to pinpoint cause for results. |
| Control group | Used as a comparison |
| Experimental group | Tests an independent variable |
| Theory | Broad in scope compared to hypothesis. Explains diversity of observations. Supported by large and growing body of evidence. |
| Deductive reasoning | Logic used in hypothesis-based science to come up with ways to test hypotheses. Reasoning flows from general to specific. |
| Hypothesis-Based Science | About explaining nature. Seeks natural causes and explanations for observations. Proposes and tests a hypothesis. Uses deductive reasoning. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Derives general principals from large number of specific observations |
| Discovery science | Describing nature. Verifiable observations and measurements are the data. Uses inductive reasoning. |
| Natural selection and its steps | Mechanism for evolution. 1. Individual Variation 2. Overproduction of offspring 3. Unequal reproductive success. (The way natures 'selects' certain traits, which accumulate over time.) 4. Over time, favorable traits accumulate in a population. Editing mechanism. Can only select within variations present in population. Numerous small changes eventually lead to big changes. |
| Evolution | Descendants of ancestral species. "Descent with modification" Explains both unity and diversity of life |
| Charles Darwin's 2 main points | Evolution and Natural Selection |
| Domain Eukarya | Eukaryotes, nucleus and organelles, protists, plantae, animalia, fungi |
| Domain Archaea | Prokaryotes, part of monera, extreme environments |
| Domain Bacteria | Prokaryotes, part of monera, diverse and widespread |
| What is a domain | 3 overarching groups. Reevaluation of kingdoms. Domains above kingdoms |
| What are the 3 domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| List the 7 common features of all life | Order, regulation growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, reproduction, evolutionary adaptation |
| Define Evolutionary Adaptation | Evolve |
| Define Reproduction | Reproduce their own kind |
| Define Response to the environment | Respond to environmental stimuli |
| Define Energy processing | Take in energy, and transform it to do work |
| Define Growth and Development | Inherited information causes pattern of growth and development |
| Define Regulation | Mechanisms maintain an organism's internal environment within limits of sustainable life |
| Define Order | Complex organization |
| Genes | Unit of inheritence that transmits information from parents to offspring. |
| Eukaryotic cell | Subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional components called organelles. Nucleus houses DNA |
| Prokaryotic cell | Simpler and smaller. Microorganisms |
| Characteristics of all cells | Enclosed in a membrane. Have DNA |
| Systems biology | Construct models for dynamic behavior of whole biological systems |
| System | Combination of components that forms a more complex organization. Not unique to life. |
| Form fits function | Because of form, object can do its job. Because of function, object has its form. Can get clues about how it works from form. |
| Flow of energy | Gains and loses energy constantly. Flows into ecosystem as light energy. Converted into chemical energy. Goes to consumes. Goes to decomposers as waste. Converted to heat at every step. |
| Recycling of chemical nutrients | Air and soil to plants to animals to decomposers to air and soil |
| Decomposers | Decompose waste and remains. Restore chemicals to be reused. |
| Consumers | Eat plants and other animals, Take in O2, H2O, C6H12O6. Make CO2 and wastes other chemicals |
| Producers | Plants, photosynthetic organisms. Provide food for an ecosystem. Takes in CO2, H2O and sunlight. Makes O2 and C6H12O6 |
| Emergent properties | "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." Results from specific arrangement and interaction between components. |
| List the hierarchy of organization | Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissues, cell, organelle, molecule |
| Molecule | Cluster of atoms held together by a chemical bond |
| Organelle | Membrane-bound structure that perrforms a specific function in a cell |
| Cell | Separated from environment by boundary called membrane |
| Tissues | Make up organs, specified functions |
| Organ | Does a certain job |
| Organ system | Consists of sevral organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Organism | Individual living thing |
| Population | All indivduals of a species in specified area |
| Community | Array of organisms in an ecosystem. Each unique form called a species. |
| Ecosystem | All organisms living in a particular area, as well as nonliving |
| Biosphere | Highest level of organization. Includes all environments on Earth that support life |
139 cards - created sep 13, 8:28pm