Practice Test: Biochemistry Chapter 1

Matching skip

Short Answer skip

1. steady state
   
2. conformation of macromolecules
   
3. when does an organism reach equilibrium with the environment
   
4. metabolites
   
5. what two attributes do organelles share?
   

Multiple Choice skip

1. metabolism
   1. hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions. Intramolecular or intermolecular attractions between atoms. Create interactions that are constantly forming and breaking at physiological temperature, unless by cumulative number they impart stability by collective action.
   2. Ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing unites these atoms to make them the most suitable for chemistry of life. Lightest elements = strong covalent bonds
   3. Creation of discrete volumes. Inevitable consequence of presence of membranes but usually an essential condition for proper organelle function.
   4. The ordered reaction pathways by which cellular chemistry proceeds and biological energy transformations are accomplished. Cannot have too much energy, so sequences of reactions organized to provide release of useful energy to the cell form the breakdown of food or to take energy and use it to drive synthesis of biomolecules essential to living state.
   5. Simple molecules units for building complex structures.
2. What element do all biomolecules contain and why
   1. Phenomena involving weak interactions and proteins dominate shorter times More stable interactions (covalent bonds) and phenomena involving the agents of genetic information (nucleic acids) come into play as time increases
   2. Cellular constituents. Must conform to chemical and physical properties that govern all matter. Make life functions interpretable by chemical terms.
   3. Inorganic: Water, carbon dioxide, ammonium, nitrate and dinitrogen
   4. ATP and NADPH
   5. Carbon: Unparalleled in versatility. Makes strong covalent bonds. Up to four bonds. Can link to C, H, O and N. Can make double bonds with C, O and N. 2 particularly important characteristics of carbon that gives it versatility of linear, branched, and cyclic compounds: 1. Form covalent bonds with itself. 2. Tetrahedral nature of four covalent bonds with only single bonds.
3. what kind of thermodynamic systems are cells?
   1. Made of building blocks. Proteins, polysaccharides, polyneucleotides (DNA and RNA), and lipids (contain relatively few building blocks. Not really polymeric like other macromolecules).
   2. Loss of structural order in complex macromolecules
   3. open. exchanging matter and energy with their environment and functioning as highly regulated isothermal chemical engines
   4. Polymeric chains of deoxyribonucleic acid. Where self-replication resides ultimately. The genetic material. Molecules structurally complement one another.
   5. Cellular constituents. Must conform to chemical and physical properties that govern all matter. Make life functions interpretable by chemical terms.
4. ligand
   1. "key" that binds to a macromolecule
   2. Maintaining conditions of essentially constant temperature and pressures and maintaining a constant internal environment with no outwardly apparent changes.
   3. Made from metabolites. Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol.
   4. Result from strong tendency of water to exclude nonpolar groups or molecules Nonpolar regions of biological macromolecules are often buried in the molecule’s interior to exclude them from the aqueous milieu. Maintain membrane structure. Presence of non-polar molecules lessens range of opportunities for water-water interaction by forcing water molecules into ordered arrays around the non-polar groups. Ordering is minimized if non-polar molecules redistribute from a dispersed state to aggregated organic phase surrounded by water
5. DNA
   1. Polymeric chains of deoxyribonucleic acid. Where self-replication resides ultimately. The genetic material. Molecules structurally complement one another.
   2. species possessing discrete charges
   3. Maintaining conditions of essentially constant temperature and pressures and maintaining a constant internal environment with no outwardly apparent changes.
   4. Common ways chemists accelerate reactions cannot be done in cells because would compromised environmental conditions Living systems use enzymes
   5. Ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing unites these atoms to make them the most suitable for chemistry of life. Lightest elements = strong covalent bonds

True or False skip

1. building block
   Made from metabolites. Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol.

   True   False

2. eukaryotic cells
   Large polymeric molecules

   True   False

3. denaturation
   Loss of structural order in complex macromolecules

   True   False

4. ions
   species possessing discrete charges

   True   False

5. Most common atoms in biomolecules
   H, O, C, N. 99% of human body.

   True   False