| Question | Answer |
| Adrenal hormones | Placental (HCG), Oxytocin, Relaxin (pregnant waddle), testosterone |
| Androgens-Adrenal cortex | Testosterone |
| In birds and reptiles pineal gland | is a third eye |
| Thymus-thymosin | Stimulates + lymphocytes |
| Adrenal cortex | Long term stress-*corticosteroids-kick in after long term stress, break down proteins |
| Adrenal medulla | Short term stress- Responsible for release of (epi)nephrine "fight or flight", controlled by nervous signal |
| TSH in massive levels will cause a goiter | thyroid |
| Hyperthyroidism | Over-production of hormone, lethargic |
| Hypothyroidism | Under-production of thyroid-high metabolism, retardation |
| Two thyroid hormones t3 and t4 | Help maintain blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, digestion, reproduction and bone/nerve development |
| Oxytocin from hypothalamus | Stored in pituitary |
| Endorphins | Block pain receptors |
| MSH | Stimulates Melanocytes |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyroid |
| FSH and LH | testes or ovaries |
| Prolactin | Mammary glands |
| Growth hormone | Bones |
| The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones to the pituitary gland | oxytocin-tropic hormone |
| Pancreas | Insulin (Lowers sugar level), Glucagon (raises sugar level) |
| Thyroid gland | T3 and T4-amine (Maintain metabolic processes), Calcitonin |
| Growth Hormone (Anterior Pituitary) | Stimulates growth (especially bones) |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Promotes retention of water in kidneys |
| H) Oxytocin | Stimulates contractions of uterus and mammary gland cells |
| Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland | Play a role in regulating biorhythm |
| Thymus | maturation of blood cells |
| Stomach-endocrine glands | gastrin |
| Kidney | Hypertensin-helps control blood pressure |
| Pancreas | Glucose and digestive enzymes |
| Stages of transcription | 1)Initiation 2)Elongation 3)Termination |
| Transcription factors | Involved w/ gene expression, take dna-copy to rna-ribosomes read it-turn it into a ploypeptide chain (they bind onto a place that needs to be worked on and all factors must be there) |
| Intracellular receptors | (Non polar), most are on the nuclues, almost all are transcription factors |
| One chemical signal-3 different effects in 3 different places | Due to different transduction pathways |
| Cell signaling overview | 1)Reception ie taste (plasma membrane) 2)Transduction-series of reactions (ie salty, sweet), 3)Response-Activation of cellular responses |
| pth | causes calcium to rise |
| calcitonin | causes calcium to lower |
| Endocrine hormones-feedback mechanism | Uses calcitonin and pth |
| Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone | Steroid hormones made primarily in the gonads |
| Cortisol and Aldosterone | Steroid hormones made in adrenal cortes |
| Amine | Chemical signal with atleast one amino acid |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins that are hormones |
| Types of chem signals | *Protein-water soluble-string of aminos, *Steroid-lipid soluble-four rings together |
| Pheromones | For communication with others in same species |
| Exocrine Glands | Ducted glands that secrete things into external environment, **TQ:Release substances outside of themselves into interstitial fluid |
| **Tropic Hormone | Targets release of another gland ie.hypothalamus to the pituitary gland |
| Paracrine signaling hormone | Local regulators, derivatives of fatty acids |
| Neurohormone | Neurotransmitters->neuron system |
| Hypothalamus | Is in control of the neuroendocrine system and part of the brain |
| Hormones-Endocrine glands | Molecule that is secreted into the extracellular fluid |
| Endocrine system | Chemical signaling by hormones-slower in response, but lasts longer |
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