| Question | Answer |
| antrogens | stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system. testosterone. |
| progestins | Preparing and maintaining the uterus to support an embryo |
| estrogens | Maintain the female reproductive system and promote the development of such female features as smaller body size, higher-pitched voice, breasts and wider hips |
| 3 major categories of sex hormones | estrogens, progestins and androgens |
| gonads | Sex glands. Secrete sex hormones in addition to producing gametes. Synthesis of sex hormones controlled by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. FSH and LH stimulate ovaries or testes to synthesize and secrete sex hormones among other effects |
| glucocorticoids | Adrenal cortex. Mobilizing cellular fuel, reinforcing synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates. May suppress immune system |
| mineralcorticoids | Adrenal cortex. Act on salt and water balance. Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions and water. Increases the volume of blood and raises blood pressure |
| Corticosteroids | Mineralcorticoids. Glucocorticoids |
| adrenal cortex | Outer portion. Slower, longer-lasting response to stress. Responds to chemical signals in the blood rather than nerve signals. Receives ACTH from anterior pituitary, which stimulates synthesis and secretion of corticosteroids |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine | Adrenal medulla. Stimulate liver cell to release glucose, more fuel available for cellular work. Raise blood pressure, breathing rate, metabolic rate. Change blood-flow patterns, making some organs more active and others less active. Dilates blood vessels in brain and skeletal muscles, but constricts in digestive tract |
| adrenal medulla | Central portion. "Fight-or-flight" response: Rapid, short-term response to stress, Nerve signals sent to adrenal medulla from the hypothalmus to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| adrenal glands | Sit atop the kidneys. Composed of adrenal medulla and cortex |
| hypoglycemia | Too much insulin in the blood when sugar is eaten |
| type 2 diabetes | Non-insulin-dependent. Deficiency of insulin or reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin in the blood |
| type 1 diabetes | Insulin-dependent. Autoimmune disease. White blood cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells, causing the pancreas not to produce enough insulin. Patients take injections of human insulin daily |
| diabetes mellitus | Hormonal disease in which body cells are unable to absorb glucose from the blood. Not enough insulin in the blood or when body cells do not respond normally to blood insulin |
| glucagon | Pancreas. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood |
| insulin | Pancreas. Stimulates cell uptake of glucose. Stimulates liver uptake of glucose and conversion to glycogen |
| islets of lengerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells on the pancreas. Produce insulin and glucagon |
| pancreas | Two hormones that play a large role in managing the body's energy supplies |
| antagonistic hormones | Hormones with opposite effects. Eg. Calcitonin and PTH, Insulin and Glucagon |
| calcitonin | From the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium in the blood by causing deposition of Ca2+ in bones and reducing kidney uptake of Ca2+ |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Raises blood calcium levels by causing Ca2+ release from the bones, and increased Ca2+ uptake in the kidneys and intestines |
| parathyroid glands | Embedded in the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) | Development and maturation. Bone and nerve cell development. Homeostatic functions. Maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, digestion, and reproductive function. Thyroid |
| thyroid gland | Located just under the larynx. Produces amine hormones that contain iodine: T4 and T3. Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3). Calcitonin |
| thyroxine | Under the influence of TSH, the thyroid secretes the hormone into the blood. Thyroxine converted to another hormone that increases the metabolic rate of most body cell, warming the body as a result |
| thyroid negative feedback loop | TRH --> TSH --> Thyroxine. TRH levels increase when weather is colder, decrease in warmth. Thyroxine inhibits TRH and TSH when in the blood. Thyroxine |
| endorphins | Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary as well as the brain. Body's natural painkillers. Dull perception of pain |
| growth hormone (GH) | Stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions. Promotes protein synthesis and use of body fat for energy metabolism. Development and enlargement of all parts of the body. Anterior pituitary |
| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production. Anterior pituitary. Different effects in different species |
| LH | Anterior pituitary. Stimulates ovaries and testes |
| FSH | Anterior pituitary. Stimulates production of ova and sperm |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Anterior pituitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
| thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) | Anterior pituitary. Stimulates thyroid gland |
| anterior pituitary | Endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete numerous hormones directly into the blood. Controlled by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Luteinizing hormone (LH). Prolactin (PRL). Growth hormone (GH). Endorphins |
| adh | Helps the kidney tubules reabsorb water. Controlled by negative feedback |
| oxytocin | Causes uterine muscles to contract during childbirth. Mammary glands to eject milk during nursing |
| posterior pituitary | Nervous tissue. Extension of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin, ADH. |
| pituitary gland | 2 distinct parts: Posterior lobe and anterior lobe. In a pocket of the skull bone at the base of the hypothalamus |
| inhibiting hormones | induce the anterior pituitary to stop secreting hormones |
| releasing hormones | Stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones |
| TRH (TSH-releasing hormone) | Stimulate Anterior Pituitary to release TSH. Hypothalamus |
| hypothalmus | Receives information from nerves about the internal condition of the body and about the external environment. It then responds to this information by sending out appropriate nervous or endocrine signals. Uses pituitary to relay directives to other glands. Controls anterior pituitary gland by secreting releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
| thymosin | Stimulates development of T cells. Thymus. |
| thymus gland | thymosin. shrinks drastically at puberty |
| melatonin | Hormone that links environmental light conditions with biological rhythms. Sleep-wake circadian rhythms |
| pineal gland | Pea-sized mass of tissue near the center of the brain. Synthesizes and secretes melatonin |
| 3 hormone signaling steps | Reception: Hormone binds to a specific receptor protein on or in the target cell. Signal Transduction: Converts signal from one form to another. Response: A change in the cell's behavior |
| steroid hormones | Hydrophobic. Bind to receptors inside the cell. 1. Hormone-receptor complex itself carries out the transduction of the hormone signal. Complex acts as transcription factor. Small, nonpolar molecules that can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. Act by turning genes on or off |
| signal transduction pathway | Series of changes in cellular proteins that converts an extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response |
| amino acid-derived hormones | Proteins, peptides and amines. Hydrophillic. Embedded in the plasma membrane of target cells and project outward from the cell surface. 1. Hormone binds to receptor protein. 2. Signal transduction pathway initiated. 3. Final relay molecule carries out cell response |
| neurotransmitter | Chemical that carries information from one nerve cell to another or from a nerve cell to another kind of cell that will react |
| neurosecretory cells | Conduct nerve signals but also make and secrete hormones into the blood |
| local regulators | Chemical signals secreted into interstitial fluid. Effect only nearby target cells. |
| target cells | Only certain types of cells receive hormones. Equipped to respond to certain hormones |
| structure of an endocrine cell | Secretory vesicles inside: Contain hormone molecules |
| hormones vs. nerve impulses | Hormones slower but longer-lasting responses (Takes hours or even days to act) Hormones important in controlling whole-body activities. Hormones regulate long-term developmental processes, such as growth, maturation and reproduction. |
| endocrine system | One of two bodily systems for communication and chemical regulation |
| endocrine glands | Organs that secrete and make hormones |
| hormone | Chemical signal that is carried by the circulatory system. Communicates regulatory massages throughout the body. Travel through the bloodstream |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Solute concentration rises above a certain point, signals the nephrons to step up water reabsorption. Solute concentration low, ADH levels drop |
| concentration of solutes in a nephron | Concentration lowest in the cortex and becomes progressively higher toward the inner medulla. This way, kidney can extract and save most of the water from the filtrate (water moves by osmosis) |
| excretion | Urine- product of filtration, reabsorption and secretion- passes from the kidneys to the outside via the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra |
| secretion | Substances in the blood are transported into the filtrate. Eg. Excess H+, drugs, toxic substances |
| reabsorbtion | Water and valuable solutes, including glucose, salt, other ions, and amino acids, are returned to the blood from the filtrate |
| filtration | Water and virtually all other molecules small enough to be forced through the capillary wall enter the nephron tubule from the glomerulus |
| distal tubule | Drains into the collecting duct. Surrounded by arteriole. NaCl reabsorbed. Water flows by osmosis. Secretion of h+ and reabsorption of HCO3-. Secretion of excess K+ |
| loop of henle | Hairpin look carrying filtrate toward the medulla and then back toward the cortex. Major function: water reabsorption. Increases water reabsorption by osmosis towards the medulla. Impermeable to water away from medulla so NaCl leaves filtrate passively, then actively to create solute gradient in the interstitial fluid of the medulla |
| proximal tubule | In cortex. Surrounded by arteriole. Actively transports nutrients such as glucose and amino acids from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid to be reabsorbed into the capillaries. NaCl reabsorbed. Water flows by osmosis. Secretion of h+ and reabsorption of HCO3-. Secretion of drugs and poisons |
| glomerulus | Ball of capillaries. Blood pressure forces water and solutes from blood in glomerulus into Bowman's capsule and then into nephron tubule. Finely divided portion of an arteriole that branches from the renal artery |
| collecting duct | Carries urine to the renal pelvis. Major function: water reabsorption. Reabsorbing NaCl. Permeable to urea, adding to high concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid. More water reabsorbed before the final product, urine, passes into the renal pelvis |
| bowman's capsule | Receiving end of the nephron. Cup-shaped swelling |
| nephron | Functional unit of the kidney. Tubule and its associated blood vessels. Extracts a tiny amount of filtrate from the blood and refines it into a much smaller quantity of urine. Starts and ends in the kidney's cortex |
| renal pelvis | Receives urine directly after it has been filtered |
| renal medulla | Inner layer of kidney |
| renal cortex | Outer layer of kidney |
| urethra | Empties urine from bladder |
| urinary bladder | Holds then excretes urine |
| ureter | Duct that goes from kidneys to bladder |
| renal vein | Leaves kidneys with filtered blood |
| renal artery | Enters the kidneys with unfiltered blood |
| filtrate | Water, urea and a number of valuable solids (glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins). Refined in kidneys |
| urinary system | Excretes urine while regulating the amount of water and ions in the body fluids. Composed of kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra, renal vein and artery |
| uric acid | Avoid water loss problems. Nontoxic. Largely insoluble. Takes more energy to create. Not permeable to liquids: Stored in egg. Birds, reptiles, insects, land snails |
| urea | Produced in the liver by combining ammonia with CO2. Highly soluble in water. Less toxic than NH3. Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes. Can be stored in concentrated solution but takes water to dispose of. Can diffuse out of shell-less eggs |
| ammonia | Toxic by-product of proteins and nucleic acids. Disposed of by most aquatic animals because highly soluble. Formed when amino groups are removed from amino acids and nucleic acids. Terrestrial animals must transform into less-toxic substances |
| terrestrial animals retaining water | Tough exoskeletons or outer skin. Lay eggs surrounded by tough, watertight shell or develop water-filled amniotic sac protected by membranes |
| saltwater fish | Loses water by osmosis: Drinks large amounts, Small amounts of urine. Gains salt by diffusion and from food: Pumps excess salt out of gills, Disposes of excess ions |
| freshwater fish | Higher solute concentration than environment. Constantly gaining water by osmosis: Does not drink water, Produces large amounts of urine. Loses salt by diffusion: food supplies ions, Gills actively take up salt |
| osmoregulators | Solute concentration differs from environment. Must regulate water loss or gain |
| osmoconformers | Sea-dwelling animals. Solute concentration equal to that of seawater. Do not undergo net gain or loss |
| osmoregulation | Balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes |
| behavorial responses | Migration, Sunbathing, Burrowing, Bathing, Clothing |
| evaporative cooling | Panting, sweating or spreading saliva on body surfaces |
| countercurrent heat exchange | Warm and cold blood flow in opposite (countercurrent) directions in two adjacent blood vessels. Makes heat loss minimal |
| circulatory adaptations | Changing amount of blood flow to skin: Constrict when cold (More blood to core), Dilate when warm (Increase heat loss) Countercurrent heat exchange |
| insulation | Hair, feathers or fat layers |
| metabolic heat production | In cold weather, boost metabolic rate: Moving around or shivering |
| evaporation | Loss of heat from a surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as a gas |
| radiation | Emission of electromagnetic waves. Heat between objects that are not in direct contact |
| convection | Heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface |
| conduction | Transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects that are in direct contact. Heat from higher temperature to lower temperature |
| ectotherms | Gain heat from external sources |
| endotherms | warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism |
| thermoregulation | Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range. Every animal has an optimal temperature range |
106 cards - created feb 21, 5:50pm