| Question | Answer |
| rectum | Final portion of the colon. Where feces are stored. Controlled by 2 sphincters: 1 voluntary, 1 involuntary |
| appendix | Small, fingerlike extension of the cecum. Contains a mass of white blood cells that make a minor contribution to immunity |
| cecum | Blind pouch |
| feces | Indigestible plant fibers |
| large intestine/colon | Joins small intestine in T-shaped junction. Sphincter controls passage of unabsorbed food material out of small intestine. Absorbs water from alimentary canal. Produces feces. Colon bacteria produces important vitamins, which are absorbed into bloodstream from colon |
| hepatic portal vein | Transports nutrients absorbed by the intestines directly to the liver |
| name some of the liver's many functions | Removes excess glucose and converts it to glycogen, which is stored in the liver cells. Regulates body metabolism. Synthesizes proteins essential to many bodily functions. Modifies and detoxifies substances absorbed by digestive tract. Converts toxins into inactive products that can be excreted in urine. Produces bile |
| what does the lymphatic system carry in absorption | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| what does the circulatory system carry in absorption? | Amino acids and sugars |
| methods of absorption in the small intestine | Diffusion. Pumped against concentration gradients into epithelial cells |
| microvilli | Many tiny surface projections on villi |
| villi | Numerous small, fingerlike projections. Epithelial cells |
| large surface area in absorbtion | large, circular folds with villi and microvilli |
| lipase | From pancreas. Breaks fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Digestion of Fats in the small intestine | Fat globules -> Bile salts -> fat droplets -> lipase -> fatty acids and glycerol |
| nucleases | Digest DNA and RNA into Nucleotides |
| Digestion of Nucleic acids in the small intestine | Hydrolize nucleic acids. DNA and RNA -> Nucleases -> Nucleotides -> Other Enzymes -< Nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates |
| Aminopeptidase, carboxypeptisdase and dipeptidase | Break small polypeptides into amino acids |
| trypsin and chymotrypsin | From small intestinal wall. Break polypeptides into small polypeptides |
| digestion of proteins in the small intestine | Hydrolytic enzymes completely dismantle polypeptides into amino acids. Polypeptides -> trypsin, chymotrypsin -> smaller polypeptides -> aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase -> amino acids |
| maltase | Digests Maltose. from small intestinal wall |
| maltose | disaccharide in small intestine |
| pancreatic amylase | In Pancreatic juice. Digests polysaccharides into disaccharides |
| digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine | Starch -> Pancreatic amylase -> maltose and other disaccharides -> maltase, sucrase, lactase etc -> monosaccharides |
| duodenum | First part of small intestine. where chyme is mixed with bile, intestinal enzymes and pancreatic juice |
| gallbladder | stores bile until it is needed in small intestine |
| bile | Contains bile salts that emulsify fats, making them easier to digest |
| pancreatic juice | Digestive enzymes. Alkaline solution: Rich in HCO3, buffer, Neutralizes acid |
| pancreas | produces pancreatic juice |
| small intestine | Longest organ of the alimentary canal. Digestion and absorbtion |
| chyme | acidic, nutrient-rich broth |
| gastrin | Hormone. Secreted by stomach walls when food is inside stomach. Goes into circulatory system and returns to the stomach wall, stimulating additional secretion of gastric juice. Inhibited by negative-feedback mechanism that inhibits secretion of gastric juice when stomach contents too acidic |
| Interaction between pepsinogen and HCl | 1. Pepsinogen and HCl secreted into lumen. 2. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. 3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen, starting chain reaction. Positive feedback |
| chief cells | Secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Inactive form protects stomach cells from being digested |
| parietal cells | Secrete H+ and Cl- which combine in the lumen (cavity) to form HCl |
| mucous cells | Secrete mucus |
| 3 types of cell in gastric glands | mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells |
| enzymes in gastric juice | pepsin |
| pepsin | Chemical digestion of proteins, Splits polypeptide chains, Primes proteins for further digestion |
| mucus in gastric juice | lubricates and protects cells lining the stomach |
| acid in gastric juice | HCl, Kills most bacteria and microbes, Breaks apart cells in food |
| contents of gastric juice | Mucus, enzymes and acid |
| stomach | Mechanical Digestion: Accordion-like folds, Highly elastic wall. Chemical Digestion: Gastric Juice from gastric glands |
| larynx | Voice box containing vocal chords |
| epiglottis | Flap of cartilage that allows trachea to be open when breathing, and is closed when swallowing. Larynx contracted pushes epiglottis down |
| bolus | ball of undigested food |
| digestion in the oral cavity | Mechanical: teeth chew food, Tongue shapes food into bolus. Chemical: Saliva |
| salivary glands | Secrete saliva |
| oral cavity | Mouth |
| saliva | Liquid secreted by salivary glands that protects the soft lining of the mouth and lubricates food for easier swallowing. Buffers neutralize food acids, preventing tooth decay. Antibacterial agents kill bacteria. Contains digestive enzyme salivary amylase, which begins hydrolyzing starch |
| accessory glands to the digestive system | Liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands |
| sphincters | Muscular ring-like valves. Regulate the passage of food into and out of stomach. Works like a drawstring to close off |
| peristalsis | alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining alimentary canal |
| anus | Expels undigested materials |
| intestine | chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
| stomach/gizzard | Muscular and churn and grind food |
| crop | Pouch-like organ in which food is softened and stored |
| esophagus | Channels food |
| pharynx | Throat. Contains esophageal sphincter: Opens when swallowing. Contains Epiglottis |
| alimentary canal | Digestive tract with 2 openings. Food moves 1 direction |
| gastrovascular cavity | Single opening, mouth. Secrete digestive enzymes that break down soft tissues in prey. Other cells engulf small food particles, which are broken down in food vacuoles. Undigested materials expelled through the mouth. |
| elimination | Undigested material passes out of the digestive tract |
| absorption | Cells lining the digestive tract take up (absorb) the products of digestion. Nutrients travel in the body to body cells, where they are jointed together to make the macromolecules of the cells or broken down further to provide energy. Nutrient molecules converted to fat for storage |
| chemical digestion | Hydrolysis catalyzed by specific enzymes |
| mechanical digestion | Food broken into smaller pieces |
| digestion | Breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. 2 phases: mechanical and chemical |
| ingestion | Act of eating |
| bulk feeders | ingest large pieces of food |
| fluid feeders | Obtain food by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from a living host, either plant or animal |
| substrate feeders | Live in or on their food source and eat their way through it |
| suspension feeders | Extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water |
| omnivores | Eat plants and animals |
| carnivores | Eat other animals |
| herbivores | Eat autotrophs |
| negative feedback | Change in variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change. Receptor triggered by stimulus triggers an effector which produces a response. A control center processes information from the receptor and directs the response by the effector, In animals, located in the brain |
| homeostasis | Regulation of internal environment. Salt concentration, temperature, wastes, etc. |
| finger and toenails | Protective coverings composed of keratin. Facilitate fine manipulation and scratching |
| hair | Flexible shaft of flattened, kertain-filled dead cells. Produced by a hair follicle. Oil gland's secretions lubricate hair, condition the surrounding skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria. Hair follicle wrapped in nerve endings and helps with sensory functions. Insulation |
| functions of skin | Waterproofing. Prevents dehydration and penetration by microbes. Sensory receptors that provide environmental information. Sweat glands for temperature regulation. Synthesis of vitamin D |
| hypodermis | layer of adipose tissue under the dermis |
| dermis | Inner layer of the skin. Fairly dense connective tissue with many resilient elastic fibers and strong collagen fibers. Contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves, sensory receptors and blood vessels |
| epidermis | Stratified squamous epithelium. Get a brand new epidermis every few weeks |
| structure of the skin | Two layers: epidermis and dermis |
| nervous system | Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing the body's responses |
| reproductive system | Produces gametes and sex hormones. The female system provides organs to support a developing embryo and glands for producing milk. |
| digestive system | Ingests and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates undigested material |
| urinary/excretory system | Removes nitrogen-containing waste products from the blood and regulates the chemical makeup, pH, and water balance of the blood |
| immune system | Defends the body against infections and cancer |
| lymphatic system | Returns excess body fluid to the circulatory system and functions as part of the immune system |
| integumentary system | Protects against mechanical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, and drying out |
| muscular system | Produces movement, maintains posture, and produces heat |
| respiratory system | Exchanges gases with the environment, supplies the blood with O2, and disposes of CO2 |
| circulatory system | Delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries CO2 to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the excretory organs, the kidneys |
| skeletal system | Supports the body, protects certain internal organs such as the brain and lungs and provides the framework for muscles to produce movement |
| endocrine system | Secretes chemicals, called hormones, that regulate body activities such as digestions, metabolism, growth, reproduction, heart rate, and water balance |
| neuron | Uniquely specialized to conduct electrical nerve impulses. Cell body and a number of slender extensions: dendrite, axon |
| nervous tissue | Sends stimuli and rapidly transmits information from one part of an animal to another |
| smooth muscle | Lack of striations. In internal organs. Responsible for involuntary body activities. Fibers shaped like spindles and contract more slowly than skeletal muscles |
| cardiac muscle | Forms contractile tissue of the heart. Striated like skeletal muscle, but its cells are branched, interconnecting at specialized junctions that rapidly relay the signal to contract form cell to cell during the heartbeat |
| skeletal muscle | Attached to bones by tendons. Responsible for voluntary movements of the body |
| 3 types of muscle tissues | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle |
| muscle tissue | Bundles of long cells called muscle fibers. The most abundant tissue in most animals. Large numbers of contractile proteins arranged in parallel in the cytoplasm |
| six major types of connective tissue | loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood |
| blood | Extensive extracellular matrix is a liquid called plasma that consists of water, salts and dissolved proteins. Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets suspended in the plasma. Function in transporting substances from one part of the body to another and in immunity |
| bone | Matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance made of calcium, magnesium and phosphate. Strong without being brittle |
| cartilage | Connective tissue that forms a strong but flexible skeletal material. Abundance of collagen fibers |
| adipose tissue | Stores fat in large, closely packed adipose cells held in a sparse matrix of fibers. Large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when fat is used as fuel |
| fibrous connective tissue | Matrix of densely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers that maximize its non-elastic strength. Tendons and ligaments |
| loose connective tissue | Loose weave of fibers: Made of collagen. Binding and packing material, holding other tissues and organs in place |
| Cellular matrix | Web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid |
| connective tissue | Sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. Cells produce and secrete the matrix. 6 major types. |
| tissue shape naming: pillars | columnal, good for secretion or absorbtion |
| Tissue shape naming: cube | cubodial, good for secretion or absorbtion |
| Tissue shape naming: flat | squamous, good for diffusion or layers of skin |
| Tissue layer naming: Appears to have multiple layers because cells vary in length | Pseudostratified |
| Tissue layer naming: multiple layers | stratified |
| Tissue layer naming: one layer | simple |
| Basal Lamina | Dense mat of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and sticky polysaccharides that separates the epithelium from the underlying tissues. |
| epithelia tissue/epithelium | Tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities. Attached to basal lamina. Forms a protective barrier, and sometimes a surface for exchange with fluid or air on the other side. Named according to cell layers and shape of cells |
| 4 major categories of tissues | Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous |
| tissues | Structures relate to function. Based on varied combinations of a limited set of cells and tissue types |
| organ system | Multiple organs that together perform a vital body function |
| organ | Made up of two or more types of tissues that together perform a specific task |
| tissue | Integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function. Specialized |
| physiology | Study of the function of organism's structures |
| anatomy | Study of the form of organism's structures |
126 cards - created feb 20, 4:23pm