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Practice Test
: Chapters 22-24
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allergies
lymphatic system
hemoglobin
trachea
diastole
structure of fish gills
how is breathing regulated
1. Medulla signals muscles of ribs and diaphragm to contract 2. Control center regulates breathing rate in response to changes in the CO2 level of the blood. If pH too low, too much carbonic acid and therefore too much CO2. Increases breathing rate. 3. Secondary control over breathing exerted by sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries that monitor concentrations of O2 and CO2
Four supporting gill arches on each side. Two rows of gill filaments from each gill arch. Lamellae
Involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Branching network of vessels: Resemble veins, One-way valves, Depend on movement of skeletal muscles to squeeze fluid along. Numerous lymph nodes: Rounded organs packed with macrophages and white blood cells (lymphocytes). Returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fights infection. Takes up fluid from tissue spaces in the skin
Entire heart is relaxed. Blood flows into all four of its chambers. Valves between the atria and the ventricles are open
Iron-containing pigment that turns red when bound with O2. Oxygen not very soluble in water; therefore must bind to respiratory pigments. Four polypeptide chains of two different types. Each chain attached to a heme group containing iron. Can carry CO2. Acts as a buffer. Binds with H+ of H2CO3, minimizing change in blood pH. Reaction reversed when blood reaches the lungs
Windpipe. Rings of cartilage reinforce walls. Lined by moist epithelium covered by cilia and thin film of mucus that clean
Hypersensitive responses to antigens in our surroundings
Short Answer
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autoimmune diseases
steps of clonal selection
systole
lamellae
blood pressure
Multiple Choice
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alveoli
Change resistance to blood flow out of the arteries and into arterioles. Regulate distribution of blood to capillaries of the various organs. Dilate and constrict capillaries
Capillary, blood streams directly from arteriole to venule. Always open
Lymphocytes that develop in the thymus
Dead-end grapelike clusters of air sacs. Lined with a thin layer of epithelial cells. O2 in inhaled air dissolves in a film of moisture on the epithelial cells
Mast cells release inflammatory chemicals very suddenly. Blood vessels dilate abruptly, causing a rapid, potentially fatal drop in blood pressure
precapillary sphincters
Voice box. Holds vocal chords. Can produce sounds by voluntarily tensing muscles in the voice box
Body cells that produce histamine and other chemicals the trigger the inflammatory response
Change resistance to blood flow out of the arteries and into arterioles. Regulate distribution of blood to capillaries of the various organs. Dilate and constrict capillaries
Regulate blood flow into branching capillaries. Rings of smooth muscle. Nerve impulses, hormones and chemicals produced locally influence contraction of smooth muscles
First line of defense against potential invaders. Defenses that act the same whether or not an invader has been previously encountered
circulatory system
Small veins
Extensions of the body surface specialized for gas exchange. O2 diffuses across the gill surfaces into the capillaries. And CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction. Live in water, moist not a problem
Necessary for an animal whose body is too large or complex for such exchange to occur by diffusion alone. Must bring resources close enough to cells for diffusion to occur
Needed in some kinds of heart disease that damages that pacemaker. Tiny electronic device
receives blood from the veins
mast cells
Change resistance to blood flow out of the arteries and into arterioles. Regulate distribution of blood to capillaries of the various organs. Dilate and constrict capillaries
Body cells that produce histamine and other chemicals the trigger the inflammatory response
Makes helper T cell itself grow and divide, producing both memory cells and additional active helper T cell. Positive-feedback loop amplifies the cell-mediated defenses against the antigen at hand. Helps activate B cells, stimulating humoral immune response. Stimulates the activity of cytotoxic T cells
O2 dissolved gas in H2O. Only about 3-5%. Surface area much greater than that of the entire animal
1. B cells perceive antigen molecules on receptors. 2. B cells grow, divide and differentiate into two genetically identical yet physically distinct types of cells: Effector Cells, Memory Cells
plasma cells
Clot-dissolving drugs (Aspirin). Angioplasty. Stents. Bypass Surgery. Heart Transplant
Ventricle contraction
Secret antibody molecules, Large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum
Protein found in blood plasma that attaches to one particular kind of antigen and helps counter its effects. Antigen-specific. B cells make and secrete antibodies, the proteins that serve as molecular weapons of defense. Antibodies made of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 heavy, 2 light. Recognizes and binds to certain antigen and assists in neutralizing the antigen it recognizes. Antigen-Binding Site. Mark antigens for elimination. Combine with antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex. Trigger mechanisms to neutralize or destroy an invader. Neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation. Enhance phagocytosis and activate compliment system causing cell lysis. Specific recognition-and-attack phase followed by a nonspecific destruction phase
Pumps blood to the arteries
True or False
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cell-mediated immune response
Necessary for an animal whose body is too large or complex for such exchange to occur by diffusion alone. Must bring resources close enough to cells for diffusion to occur
True
False
structure of capillaries
Very thin wall formed of a single layer of epithelial cells. Wrapped in a thin basal lamina. Inner surface smooth and keeps blood cells from being abraded as they tumble along. Consists of adjoining epithelial cells that enclose a lumen, or space, which is just large enough for red blood cells to tumble through in single file. Walls leaky, narrow clefts between cells making up wall.
True
False
cardiac output
1. Allergen binds to antibodies attached to mast cells. 2. Mast cells release histamine, which triggers the allergic symptoms
True
False
active immunity
Resulting immunity that an individual makes for himself
True
False
later exposure to allergen
B cells that combat the antigen
True
False
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Practice Test: Chapters 22-24