| Question | Answer |
| Condensation | Two molecules are covalently bound together as a larger molecule. |
| rearrangements | Juggling of internal bonds converts one molecule to another. |
| tonicity | Refers to the relative solute concentrations of two fluids. |
| transport proteins | Proteins that passively assists or actively pumps specific solutes across a cell membrane. |
| Entropy | A measure of the degree of a system's disorder. |
| energy carriers | Mainly ATP; couples energy-releasing reactions with energy-requiring ones. |
| Cofactor | Cofactor or metal ion; assists enzyme or taxis electrons, hydrogen, or functional groups between reaction sites. |
| bulk-phase endocytosis | Non selective. A vesicle forms around a small volume of the extracellular fluid reagardless of the kinds of substances dissolved in a pathway. |
| Solute | Any substance dissolved in a solution. |
| "redox" reactions | In these reactions, one molecule gives up an electron (oxidized) and another gains one (reduced). |
| end product of metabolic reactions | Substances left at the end of a metabolic reaction. |
| intermediates | Substances formed during a metabolic reaction. |
| biosynthetic (or anabolic) | They require energy input (endergonic). The main biosynthetic pathway in the biosphere is photosynthesis. |
| Turgor (Hydrostatic pressure in plants) | In plants cells, the force that any volume or fluid exerts against a wall, a membrane, or some other structure enclosing it. |
| endergonic | (Energy in) Will not run out of energy input. |
| exegonic | (Energy out) Release a net of usable energy. |
| degradative (catabolic) pathways | They are exergonic. They breakdown molecules to smaller, lower energy products. The main degradive pathway in the biosphere is aerobic respiration. |
| allosteric site | This site has an active site, and regulatory sites where control substances can bind to alter enzyme activity. |
| Catalase | An antioxidant whose functions is to neutralize free radicals. |
| Free radicals | They have unpaires electrons, which make them highly reactive molecular fragments capable of harming or DNA. |
| NAD+ , NADP+ | A nucleotide coenzymes that participate as helpers in metabolic reactions, undergoing changes in the process. |
| Bulk Phase endocytosis | This is not selective and will engulf a small volume of fluid. |
| Phagocytosis | Amoebas and white blood cells digest the contents of the endocytic vesicle by means of enzymes within lysosomes, which fuse with the vesicles. |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Receptors at the cell membrane bind to molecules, which are then enclosed in a tiny pit tat sinks into cytoplasm. |
| Endocytosis | This encloses particles in small potions of plasma membrane to form vesicles that then move into the cytoplams. |
| Exocytosis | This moves subtances, enclosed in small sacs made of membranes, from cytoplasm. |
| Osmotic pressure | This is the amount of force preventing any further increase in volume. |
| hydrostatic pressure | This is the force that any volume of fluid exerts against a wall, a membrane, or some other structure enclosing it. |
| isotonic solution (fluid) | This solution has the same concentration of solutes as fluid in the cell; immersion in it causes no net movement. |
| hypertonic solution (fluid) | This solution has a greater concentration of solutes than the fluid in the cell; cells in it may shrivel. |
| hypotonic solution (fluid) | This solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid in the cell; therefore, water moves into the cells immerse in it and swell. |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, to a region where the water concentration is lower. |
| bulk flow | the mass movement of one or more substrates in response to pressure, gravity, or another external force. |
| Sodium-potassium pump | Mediates the movement of two kinds of ions in opposite directions. |
| Calcium pump | This active transporter helps keep the concentration of calcium in a cell at least a thousand times lower than outside. |
| active transport | Pumping of a specific solute across membrane against its concentration gradient, though transport proteins interior. Requires Energy Input. |
| passive transport ("facilitated" diffusion) | It allows a substrate to follow its concentration gradient across a membrane. |
| pressure gradient | This is a difference in the exerted force per unit area in two adjoining regions. |
| Electric gradient | A difference in electric charge between adjoining regions. |
| Diffusion | It is a factor in how susbtances move into, through and out cells. |
| concentration gradient | This is a difference in the number per unit volume of ions or molecules of substances between body regions and between the body and its environment. |
| selective permeability | Its molecular structure allows some substances but not other to cross the cell membrane in certain ways, at certain times. |
| feedback inhibition | This means a change that results from a specific activity shuts down the activity. |
| antioxidants | They hep neutralize free radicals (free radicals are atoms with unpaired electrons- reactive, unbound fragments left over from reaction). |
| coenzymes | They are a class of organic compounds that may or may not have a vitamin component. |
| induce-fit model | The enzyme bends and optimizes the fit; in doing so, it pulls the substrate to the transition state. |
| ATP/ADP cycle | ATP can reform when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate or to a phosphate group that was split from a different molecule. |
| transition state | A substrates bonds are at breaking point and the reaction can run easily to product. |
| active sites | Pockets or crevices where substrates bind and where specific reactions are catalyzed. |
| substrates | Another name for the reactants that bind to a specific enzyme. |
| activation energy | The minimum amount of internal energy that molecules must have before a reaction gets going. |
| metabolic pathways | They are enzyme-mediated sequences of reactions in cells. |
| electron transfer chains | They are membrane-bound arrays of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence. |
| Oxidation-reduction reactions | This is when cells release energy efficiently. |
| Chemical equilibrium | The state at which the concentrations of reactants and products in a reversible chemical reaction remain constant. |
| catalysts | They can speed specific reactions enormously. |
| phosphorylations | A phosphate group transfer where ATP readily gives up a phosphate group that was split from a different molecule. |
| ATP | Made of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. Main energy carrier in cells. It helps cells stay alive by coupling energy inputs to outputs. |
| second law of thermodynamics | The entropy or disorder, of the universe always increases. |
| first law of thermodynamics | Any isolated system has a finite amount of energy that cannot be added to or lost. |
| energy | The capacity to do work. |
| Metabolism | The cells capacity to acquire energy and use it to build, degrade, and store and release substrances in controlled ways. |
62 cards - created jan 19, 6:04am